Statement of Purpose for the Masters Degree

Mission statement for the Masters Degree The data included herewith in my composing would expand on the reasons that inspire me to learn at the University of Reading, lofty Henley business college, and will additionally expound the foundations for the determination of the particular way of study. Further in the last piece of my conversation I might want to clarify the explanations behind me to apply for a grant at the altruism of a sponsor.Having earned a BSc (Accounting) Special (Hons) degree with a top of the line remaining from University of Sri Jayewardenepura which is presumed as the personnel with the most appeal for the board concentrate in Sri Lanka and acquiring consistent expert improvement in PricewaterhouseCoopers for more than three years, at first at a learner level and afterward as a Senior Associate, I have indicated a staggering enthusiasm on the field of budgetary reporting.The execution grades earned by me in PwC is captivating since I was evaluated as â€Å"1â₠¬  once and â€Å"2† twice, which means â€Å"Outstanding† and â€Å"Exceeding expectations† individually, being the just one in the companion gathering to make such an accomplishment and these appraisals solidified my position further as an asset individual in PwC on money related announcing and confirmation administrations. I accept both the expert experience greatness and the scholarly greatness on the field of bookkeeping and money related announcing have raised an information ravenous, eager to learn individual.Along with the genuine bookkeeping issues looked by organizations, taking in cutting edge Accounting hypothesis from rumored educators in Sri Lanka, improved my aptitudes on the training and honed me with my capacity to think bookkeeping issues in the pragmatic setting. Further to that, introduction ability was upgraded over the span of study and preparing and during the learning and improvement meetings held by PwC. Further to the above I sought af ter Chartered Accountancy proficient course led by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka and in seek after I won four prizes in all initial three levels.This made me to be positioned among one of the not very many achievers in Sri Lankan history on both the expert and scholastic capabilities. As of now I am seeking after the last degree of the said course. The prizes (Highest Marks in the nation for the test) I won incorporate Foundation level quantitative strategies for dynamic and second arranged by Merit for by and large execution. In the middle of the road level I won the prize of Second arranged by Merit for generally speaking execution in that test. At that point I won the prize for greatness in business frameworks in the Final-1 level exam.These accomplishments combined with the unique accomplishment that I was eighth in the island (Sri Lanka) in Advanced Level assessment held in 2006 made me a planned asset individual in Sri Lanka in the field of budgetary anno uncing, and portrayed the extraordinary intrigue appeared by me on the particular circle from the youth. Having seen the gauge of specific scholastics and experts in the field of bookkeeping and monetary announcing I trust I need to additionally learn refined territories on these subjects.One of the reasons I need to concentrate further is to reach at any rate a similar degree of instinct and all encompassing perspective regarding the matter as my educators and the experts I have met have created. Anyway every one of these accomplishments were made by me disregarding a lot of monetary challenges since my family’s bread worker is just my dad who is a resigned most minimal level government hireling (His assignment was Village Officer).I have a sibling who despite everything reads in the school for his A/L s and I worked in low maintenance occupations during my all the time said accomplishments were made by me. I am a persevering and decided individual, and I am prepared for ano ther jump in my business vocation. I am exclusively in a mission towards more information and amazing serious learning condition, with best in class offices. The main sensible choice for me was to focus on such a spot. This gives me the inspiration to apply to University of Reading, Henley Business School.

Accounting Statement Analysis

Question: Examine about the Accounting Statement Analysis. Answer: Presentation: The FASB and IASB, both administrative bodies are kept the rule based measures. Be that as it may, the major ideas on a few issues feature negligible inward irregularity so as to unveil matters in sound bookkeeping identified with fund and system for detailing (Hashim O'Hanlon and Li 2015.). Tragically, the individual applied structures of unmistakable standard setters can come to concurrences on specific standard setting issues, which might be brief in nature in light of the fact that various observations could be followed to determine that specific issues (Lin 2015). Thus, both the previously mentioned standard setting bodies may arrive at altogether various results despite the fact that its indistinguishable. This reality mirrors an irregularity in guidelines. This is the significant purpose for the advancement of the calculated system. To improve the significant endeavors, then again, the IASB Framework is intended to help both the standard setters and gets ready while revealing realities in the announcement of budgetary under the calculated system (Rivera et al 2014). This is another explanation which revels the necessity of the applied structure. Thirdly, the arranged methodology in the joint task may help to combining both FASB and IASB norms. Every one of these reasons are sufficiently very to legitimize the prerequisites to refine, update, total and combining norms into a typical applied structure. By following an applied system, the guideline based norms can make comprehends to following realities: This will assist with guaranteeing the consistency among gauges and between the past and future choice makings to arrive at flawless resolutions. The system will guarantee that principles are not founded on singular impression of the board individuals from the standard setters. It is required to bring consistency between the planning of the announcements, translation and detailing of the data contains in the revealing entitys fiscal reports. A theoretical system makes activity as a composed constitution for bookkeeping and revealing of the announcements of monetary. In spite of the fact that both IASB and FASB is adhered to head based measures, it is imperative to have a typical theoretical structure for clients and gets ready of the announcement of money related to make comprehend that gauges and practices of bookkeeping depend on normal belief system (Gerber, Gerber and Van der Merwe 2014). Therefore, the arrangement of specific issues would get similar outcomes. All the more explicitly, a typical calculated system needs to empower for refinement, achievement, update and intermingling between the current structure of IASB and the idea proclamations introduced by the rules gave by the FASB. The amendment, consequently, is essential on the grounds that these structures were conceptualized in the time of 1970 and 1980 (Holder et al 2013). In any case, it is significant that the reasonable systems need not reconsider the essential structure of the ideas. All the more significantly, the basic calculated structure needs to have comparative quantitat ive qualities of the bookkeeping data, components of bookkeeping explanations, properties, measures for acknowledgment in the detailing entitys articulations alongside show in proclamations and revelation in notes and different parts of the revealing. It is as of now suggested that different gatherings can get advantage from a theoretical structure. To set up the announcements of budgetary and revealing toward the finish of the money related period, applied system can enable the few bodies to like the monetary standard setters, inspectors, plans of records, and the clients of proclamation of budgetary (clients, countrys administrative offices, speculators, government, workers, moneylenders, providers and the examiners of account). Notwithstanding, it isn't correct that reasonable structure is more noteworthy for specific gatherings than others. The explanation for the equivalent necessities of applied system to all gatherings is as per the following: An applied structure for the most part examines the arrangement of interconnected targets and basics which needs to authorize for getting the predictable outcomes toward the finish of the revealing time frame (Satin and Huffman 2015). Obviously, the planning of the announcement of monetary, revealing, investigation, and clarification are totally interconnected with one another (Brouwer, Faramarzi and Hoogendoorn 2014). To settle on monetary choices, IASB Framework by and large underlined on the data identified with fund which are required by a wide scope of clients, for example, workers, speculators, loan specialists, clients, providers, governments and the general population. Then again, the FASB underscores helpfulness with respect to the credit choices and speculations by their idea articulations (Barker et al 2014). Consequently, the basic calculated structure will be useful for every one of these gatherings similarly. For example, the applied systems may refer to general enthusi asm of outer clients of the announcements while evaluating potential new money inflows to the association. By unveiling the capacity to create net money inflows may significant realities for representatives, providers. Then again, the judgment of the outer clients about the limit and capacity impacts on the monetary choices of an undertaking (Pelger 2016). Along these lines, every single money related viewpoint are interrelated and reliable with one another. Managing every one of these elements in the reasonable system, in this manner, is significant for all gatherings for keeping up consistency all through the monetary stages. In spite of the fact that both FASB and IASB have kept regular rule based guidelines, cross-cutting issues have been reflected in the zones that contention between the few principles (Fisher and Nehmer 2016). Followed by the individual reasonable systems of individual standard setters, undertakings frequently discover irregularity in budgetary announcing and less-incorporation between the different guidelines too (Murphy and OConnell 2013). For instance, the judiciousness and the accumulation under the Prudence and Going Concern have been spoken to in various way under the accompanying rules gave by the FASB and IASB. It is noticed that as indicated by IAS1, where the gatherings ideas activity is conflicting alongside Prudence. Hence cross cutting issues is being considered as significant on the grounds that it makes a vulnerability into account in the benefits and liabilities (Oliver 2014). In the more extensive points of view, cross-cutting issues are significant angles for money r elated detailing which should be settled under the applied system for accomplishing the combination on specific issues. Organizations are believed to record the collected liabilities and the for the natural and recovery matters. This likewise thinks about the destruction of the previous working offices and the different commitments, which are expressed under Asset retirement commitments (ARO). The collections identified with the natural requirements are believed to be identified with the evaluations for the expense of the remediation of the past assessments identified with the lawful expenses for continuous suit and worked destinations. The organizations are believed to record an arrangement corresponding to ecological expenses of resigning a benefit, which are as per the Statement of Position 96-1, Environmental Remediation Liabilities. It has been additionally observed that the endorsed direction for treatment is straightforwardly applicable to the various rules is appeared in SFAS No. 5, Accounting for Contingencies, and Interpretation under FASB (FIN) No. 14, Reasonable Estimation in a frequency o f a Loss. The organizations need to evaluate further the chance of the results or misfortune. The assurance identified with the gatherings is important. The possibilities identified with the people matter are additionally examined. In different cases, it tends to be recognized that the genuine expense later on may veer off from the assessments because of different sorts of the vulnerabilities, which supposedly arises from the natural exposures (Fasb.org. 2017). The organizations are additionally observed to save natural liabilities and retirement of the drawn out working resources through the experts who are known to follow the direction given under SFAS No. 143, Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations,. It has been additionally observed that the expense are expanded as per the expansion factor and they are believed to be limited by conforming to the credit-balanced hazard free rate. The deviations in the loan fees, expansion and the assessed costs are defenseless to the sums, which are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Subsequently, it must be accepted that the varieties in the few contemplations made would not drastically affect the Consolidated Statement of Operations. It has been likewise seen that if there should arise an occurrence of the shut offices the critical changes in the loan fees, expansion and the evaluated costs can have extensive effect on the recorded sum, which are perceived under the Restructuring Charges. A portion of different contemplations for the advantage retirement by the organizations can be unmistakably related under the note 17. The organizations are additionally observed to be record the Environmental Liabilities and Asset Retirement Obligation dependent on the outsider assessments for the expense of remediation, which are believed to be recently worked in the evaluations for the lawful expenses. These are legitimately observed to be following the rules given by (SFAS) No. 5, which are believed to be in consistence with Accounting for Contingencies (Sec.gov. 2017). The acknowledgment of the conceded charge liabilities apparently is significant for recognizing the different kinds of the distinctions that will add to the altogether available sums in the years to come. The aggregate sum, which is acquired for the arrival of that receivable, will be considered as available in nature. Consequently, a conceded charge obligation is seen in the current year for the important expenses sum

The portrayal of womens naive nature essay

The portrayal of womens naive nature essay Womens naive nature portrayed in literature Women can be very naive, but they still have the inner power. Sometimes women are helpless and vulnerable, and thats why they are controlled by men, but they struggle to free from it. Each and every woman has a bright individuality. During years, famous writers portrayed different women characters in their books. Lets analyze how the womens nature is showed in two books: character of Komako from Snow Country (Yasunari Kawabata), and character of Nina from The Seagull (Anton Chekhov). Both these women are vulnerable and naive. Komako is a geisha, and Nina is an ambitious actress. They both are controlled by their men, but have an inner strength. Both writers show the womens individuality and that fact they struggle in their life for their own ideas. Chekhov shows Nina as a girl dependent from their parents, but she wants to be independent. Nina is a simple and naive, but strong character, she tries to make her own decisions and she goes to Moscow without telling her parents, who are against of her wish of becoming an actress. Komako is also a naive but strong person that wants to be independent. She shows her will to do what she wants to do even if the society doesnt allow this. Even if Nina and Komako are women of different religions, we can see their similarity in their cultures and characters. Another common thing of these books is the inner strength and power of both these women. We can see that Nina controls Treplev who is in love with her. For example, when the man says to her about his love, she is getting scared and asks him to say it quietly so nobody could hear. This fact tells us about her dominant side. The same we can see in Snow Country â€" when Komako tells Yoko to get instruments and clothes from house and to go away, Yoko never argues. This shows us the dominance of the young woman. We see that both Komako and Nina fall in love with successful and rich men (Shimamura and Trigorin) and were exploited by them, and then abandoned. Both authors show how rich people misuse naive women. Komako and Nina keep continuing their struggle to find the place in society. Both books of Chekhov and Kawabata show to us the womens struggle in the men society. They brought to readers the concepts of their cultures and womens individuality and strength. Both writers show women as people that want to archive their goals, whatever society they live in.

Marketing and Snapple Corporation - 2466 Words

Report On Snapple: Revitalizing a Brand Prepared for: Mahbub Hossain Group Members: Mahbub Md. Rakib 08-10322-1 Farzana Tuli 08-10322-1 Farzana Tuli 08-10322-1 Farzana Tuli 08-10322-1 ACKNOWLEDMENT 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 INTRODUCTION 5 Question-1 How would you characterize Snapple’s brand image and sources of brand equity? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the brand’s existing personality and image? 6 Question-2 Where did Quaker go wrong? What could it have done differently? Is Cadbury in danger of making the same mistakes as Quaker did? 8 Question-3 How effective and appropriate do you think Triarc’s marketing program was? How effective and appropriate do you think†¦show more content†¦By 1990s Snapple emerged as a nationally recognized brand.. With the combination of a unique product and package design and colorful advertising the company achieved nationally recognized brand. Later Snapple went through several management system and owners. Quarker Oats purchased Snapple for $1.7 billion but for poor management system he was unable to capitalize the brand’s previous success. After Quarker sold it to Triarc Beverage Group the brand faced a new challenge to reconnect with consumers. 1. How would you characterize Snapple’s brand image and sources of brand equity? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the brand’s existing personality and image? Answer: The roots of Snapple Corporation date back to 1972 in Brooklyn. In 1980s Snapple introduced ready-to-drink fruit juices and iced teas. Snapple was the first company to sell its drinks in single serving wide-mouthed glass bottles rather than aluminum cans. By 1991 Snapple emerged as a nationally recognized brand. Snapple’s Brand Image: The image that Snapple has is somewhat like the luxury good for the average person- a Porsche for the poor. It defines itself as new age and quirky. It has some similarities with Red Bull in that it created a product category and did it their own way but it is less edgy and geared more to mainstream America. It has a quirky and a bit of a rebellious everyman vibe. It equity comes from being aShow MoreRelatedSnapple Case Study948 Words   |  4 Pagesuser friendly â€Å"ready-to-drink† beverage. The huge growth Snapple was able to achieve was due in part to the almost cultish fan base that Snapple developed. For example, a family in New Jersey even gave their son the middle name Snapple. Studies showed that ready-to-drink beverages were selected almost strictly based upon fashion, taste, and status related considerations. For this reason, Snapple gained appeal through alternative means of marketing. They used product placements (Seinfeld and SleeplessRead MoreSnapple Case Stud y1175 Words   |  5 PagesProduct: The Snapple product line is vast and spans many different flavors, many of which were unpopular. Only a handful of flavors held the product afloat, this in effect was due to the premium pricing of the product. The product in itself was marketed with the accompanying mantra of â€Å"100% Natural† and proved to be quite popular among a very difficult to define market segment. Snapple was neither defined as a â€Å"lifestyle† brand or a â€Å"fashion† brand, it was somewhere in the middle, generally groupedRead MoreCase: Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc.: Energy Beverages807 Words   |  4 PagesCase: Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc.: Energy Beverages Texas Aamp;M Corpus Christi Marketing Management MKTG-5320 Case: Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc.: Energy Beverages Introduction Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. decided in September of 2007 to explore the profitability of expanding into the energy beverage market. Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. is a major competitor in the flavored carbonated soft drink (CSD) market, and also has a strong presence in the non-CSD market. The energy beverageRead MoreQuaker s Reasons For Buying Snapple And Snapple Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pages1. Quaker’s reasons for buying Snapple and their strategy for Snapple Quaker wanted to expand their footprint in the beverage industry and add Snapple to create the most innovative distribution system in the industry. They expected the following benefits: - For consumers: Snapple and Gatorade will be available in many more locations - For trade customers: more merchandising, points of sale, and in-store refrigerators - For Snapple: Quaker’s resources, management skills, packaging experience, supplyRead MoreSnapple Case Study1025 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: The History of Snapple In 1972, three friends – Arnie Greenberg, Leonard Marsh, and Hyman Golden – established their successful brand Snapple, in Greenwich Village, New York. They saw a unique opportunity in the beverage industry to sell all natural juices by appealing to the young and health conscious urban population. The founders grew their business using funds from within the company, outsourcing production and product development, and building a distribution network. They expandedRead MoreDr Pepper Snapple Group1391 Words   |  6 PagesDr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. Energy Beverages Author: Ravi Sockalingam, PhD Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc.’s brand manager Andrew Barker was tasked with recommending the company’s top management if it should decide to introduce a new branded product into the energy beverage market. A brief overview of the company’s position Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. maintains a well-entrenched position in the flavored carbonated soft drink (CSD) market. In 2007 he held a market share of the US CSDRead MoreCase Study - Dr Pepper873 Words   |  4 PagesPractice Case 1: Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc: Energy Beverages 1. How would you characterise the energy beverage category, competitors, consumers, channels, and DPSG’s category participation in late 2007? Energy Beverage Category: Energy drinks provide consumers with a boost of energy and they fall under the category of functional drinks. Functional drinks are non-alcoholic drinks which include ingredients such as herbs, vitamins, minerals, amino acids or other nutritional ingredients. OtherRead MoreThe Merger And Acquisition Of The Quaker Oats Company1202 Words   |  5 Pagesunsuccessful mergers/acquisitions that my review is based upon is Quaker Oats Company merger with Snapple Beverage Company, and American Online merger with Time Warner (History, 2011). The Quaker Oats Company (QOC), founded in 1877, produces a variety of products ranging from oat bars, to rice cakes (History, 2011). QOC produced Gatorade and sought to expand their beverage line with the merger/acquisition of Snapple Beverage Company (SBC) (History, 2011). SBC was founded by Leonard March, Hyman Golden andRead MoreMarket Analysis : Current Market Situation1723 Words   |  7 PagesCompany, 2015). Due to many counterfeits of the Coca-Cola product, Alexander Samuelson designed the unique shape of the Coca-Cola bottle. The shape of this bottle was patented on November 16, 1915. In 1930, the company created the Coca-Cola Export Corporation in order to market in different countries outside of the United States (Coca-Cola Company, 2015). A year later, the company launched an advertising program that starred Santa Claus holding a Coca-Cola. During the Second World War in 1942, the Coca-ColaRead MoreDr. Pepper Snapple Group Inc.2047 Words   |  9 PagesAction Plan: Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. Energy Beverages Action Plan: Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. Energy Beverages Inhoud Introduction. 3 Analysis. 3 The Market. 3 Competitors. 4 Customer behaviour. 4 Marketing Mix 4ps. 5 Product. 5 Place. 5 Price. 5 Promotion. 5 Recommendation. 6 Target Market. 6 Product Line and Positioning. 6 Marketing. 6 Advertisements and Promotion. 6 Pricing. 7 Introduction The history of Dr Pepper Snapple Group Inc. is very complex

Secret Facts About Online Essay Writing Revealed by the Pros

Secret Facts About Online Essay Writing Revealed by the Pros On-line tutoring jobs might be great means to earn money from home, particularly if you are seeking to work part-time. Moreover, tutoring can give you or your student the capability to ask the questions which you will need to have answered. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you wish to avoid low high quality services. Other essay services might be more efficient regarding their operations but they're not quite as effective as us. Perhaps, you'd like to estimate the purchase price of your paper or only learn whenever your paper will be ready. Just describe what you need and want your paper appears like and we'll satisfy your requirements effortlessly. Thus, you should make sure your paper is edited and proofread properly. Following your paper was finished, you'll also be requested to rate the author. The Argument About Online Essay Writing If you're an excellent teacher and knowledgeable in a specific subject, there's likely a parent out there ready to provide you with a shot. Learn how the business responds to several queries in the different on-line platforms. What's more, our service is entirely legal and legitimate If you're looking for reviews, we've included an open feedback section within the center of the site. You don't have to think about being scammed or receiving poor service which isn't worth what you paid for. Gossip, Lies and Online Essay Writing If you're thinking that you will need s omeone to compose my essay at this time, you can merely rely on our honest reviews. Thus, bear that in mind while you consider ordering a type my essay services. If you've ever found yourself searching for help when writing an essay, you aren't alone. One of the most frequent reasons people search for assistance with essay writing is they realize they're running out of time. Now that you're aware that we are the very best online essay writing service to work with, don't hesitate to pay a visit to our site and order an essay. Afterwards, select your payment option, and settle back and relax until one of our essay writers online gets the endeavor. When you search for essay help online, it is a huge challenge to decide on a paper writing service that's best for you. Fortunately, now you don't need to suffer alone you're able to order essay online and deal easily with the aforementioned issues. When you purchase an essay from us, you're guaranteed to relish individual approach because essay help offered by our writers is always customized depending on your requirements. To begin with, the writers will take into account each instruction you've given. Our writers can tell how long they will need to finish an essay order. They can produce high-quality articles within a short time. Tutors essay is a brief bit of writing on a specific subject. Furthermore, essay writing tutoring is a remarkable approach to find personalized attention. By high tutors, you're expected to learn how to help persuasive, argumentative and expository essays. Our 1-hour essay writing service may be an ideal solution for you. If you believe that you might want to stay in contact with the writer, then we've got good news, since we only welcome your involvement in the procedure. These days, there are a number of services online that provide essay writing help to people. You may even opt for an available writer to communication panel, which gives an immediate communication between the author and the customer. You can also chat to your private writer on the internet to specify some extra nuances or correcting the work procedure.

Implementing Diversity in the Classroom Free Essays

string(126) " parents highlighting who I am, my experience, what I am expecting from their child, and how they may get in contact with me\." ? Running Header: Culturally Inclusive Classroom Final Reflection on Personal Growth and My Plan for a Culturally Inclusive Classroom Anna Novak July 27, 2009 EDUC 5173. 01 Dr. Gina Anderson Texas Woman’s University Final Reflection on Personal Growth and My Plan for a Culturally Inclusive Classroom When I first began this semester I thought I had a clear definition of what diversity was and what areas it encompassed. We will write a custom essay sample on Implementing Diversity in the Classroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believed that the term diversity corresponded with issues of race, religion and ethnicity. However, the discussion board assignments and the detailed chapter readings assigned throughout the semester soon broadened my understanding and notion of exactly what encompasses the term diversity. The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual. This is one of the fundamental concepts I learned from participating in this course. When I first began my journey in this class I had no idea the impact it would have on me and shaping my philosophy as a teacher. I initially considered this a â€Å"breeze† through course, believing that I had a firm understanding of diversity, and how to address it within the classroom. However, I soon learned that there was much I did not know about the levels of diversity, and how hard it would be to create an effective and practical diversity rich classroom. When I began this course and realized that several of my classmates were actual teachers or had some form of teaching experience, I immediately felt as though I was at a sort of disadvantage. I have personally never conducted a classroom, and have no practical experience. However, I soon realized that what I lacked in practical experience, I made up for with personal life experiences. I learned that being a child of military parents and the different locations I had lived throughout my life had given me a unique ability to see view points and issues from completely different perspectives. In fact, I think having never taught a class before presented its own advantages. One of the major ones was that I had the ability to process and assess all of the various ideas and theories that were discussed in depth in this course and apply them to my ever growing â€Å"teaching philosophy. I feel that this course, more so than any of my practical based courses, has allowed me to not only grow professionally, but as an individual as well. I am a better person because of this course, and I think its impact will be extremely beneficial to my future students. Before I discuss how I plan to conduct my own culturally inclusive classroom I feel that there is an important initial step that I as a future educator, and all educators need to take. Through all of our discussions and assigned readings I learned that there are a multitude of different variables involved in creating a cultural classroom and that it is rather easy to get sidetracked or bogged down in subject matter. However, one of the most important aspects I took away from all the readings, and one that I am sure many of us overlook, is the need for self reflection and evaluation, especially in the area concerning our own personal prejudices and beliefs. It is impossible to expect cultural understanding and respect from our students, if we as teachers and role models allow our own limitations are constantly undermining the process ( that whole â€Å"do as I say not as I do† philosophy will not cut it in the classroom). Teachers should mediate cross-cultural adaptations and they can do this only when they come out of their own cultural shell and alter their perception of others. As an educator this key step must first occur before I can even begin to think about creating a culturally inclusive classroom experience. Respecting and Valuing Diversity Throughout my teaching career I hope to instill in my students a sense of appreciation, understanding, and respect for different cultures and backgrounds. I want them to realize that each of them is uniquely different, yet surprisingly similar at the same time. As an educator I want everyone of my students to leave my class feeling a sense of pride for who they are and where they come from, no one should ever be ashamed of their background. However, to aid my students in this I will first need to know more about them, their parents, and their background. When the school year began one of the first things I would have my students do would be to share a little about themselves with the rest of the class. This would be a great way for not only myself to get to know them, but their peers as well. However, it is only fair that I extend the same courtesy to them as well. I would give them a little insight into my own culture and background, as well as some basic information. I would even allow them to ask me several questions pertaining to myself, as long as they do not cross any ethical threshold. So as to build my understanding and knowledge about my students and their background I would give them several forms and information sheets to take home along with their syllabus. One form would be a more form with more detailed questions about themselves, their parents, their concerns, and what they feel is their learning style. The other form will actually be a letter from me to their parents highlighting who I am, my experience, what I am expecting from their child, and how they may get in contact with me. You read "Implementing Diversity in the Classroom" in category "Papers" Attached to this letter will be a form asking the parent or guardian to please set up a time to meet with me personally so we can formally meet and so they can discuss any concerns, issues, or anything else they think I should know. Creating an atmosphere of tolerance, acceptance, and caring would involve the whole class. When cultural differences cause problems it should be addressed as a group. The children need to be aware that it is okay to be different from others. By bringing the differences out in the open, it will open the minds of those students not yet exposed to cultural ifferences. I am a strong believer in a cooperative and open classroom, and I think students benefit form an education that they themselves are actively constructing and participating in. I think opening up a discussion on the first day of class and asking them what topics they wish to learn on top of the set curriculum would be extremely beneficial. Physical Arrangement of Classroom In terms of the overal l look and arrangement of the classroom, I am not particularly set. I believe that the room should be decorated in such a way that it reflects the various cultures of the students . I also believe that it needs to be aesthetically pleasing. This is one of the areas where I feel the students should have some say. While as a history teacher I will need to have maps, and important historical dates and people displayed throughout the classroom, I think allowing the students to choose aspects of their own culture that they wish to have on display would not only help in presenting an open classroom, but would help expose students to different cultures. I know that most classrooms are decorated to reflect the different holidays. However, since some of my students might not celebrate the same holidays, I would opt to set up a â€Å"holidays of the world corner. † Here several different holidays would be depicted, and I would ask to have a student explain the origin and traditions of the holiday, that way all of the class could celebrate. As far as the seating arrangement went, it would vary depending on the lesson. For lecture, media viewing, and exams I would prefer to have a traditional row set up or table setup. However, I strongly believe in group discussion, and I think it is a great way for students to think critically about what they have learned. For these â€Å"round-houses† I would organize the desks in a circular patters. Rosenfield, Lambert, Black (1985) in their research state that â€Å"circles and squares indicate an open, sharing classroom. Students must face one another and cannot hide. Thus ensuring that their input will be heard† (103). However, their will be assigned seating, and when the time comes, assigned groups. Controlling who they sit with will broaden their exposure to different cultures. Additionally, I would utilize the jigsaw cooperative learning style within my classroom. According to Brown and Kysilka (2002) â€Å"students need regular and positive experiences with as many types of diversity as possible. Such experiences, with the guidance of the teacher, will help them to develop the lifelong skills needed to be a proactive citizen in the global society† (p. 17). This method would allow for the greatest exchange of ideas and respect the value of diversity within our classroom. Communication Communication is extremely important when it comes to learning, respecting and valuing cultural diversity. I want my students to know and realize that I fully intend for their parents to be able to participate in their learning experience. Throughout the semester I will provide parents with various newsletters and emails concerning upcoming events, the child’s progress, and how they can be involved. I will also allow both parents and students to set up any individual meetings if they so wish. I also want them to realize that I do care and want to know more about them, and I want them to feel as though they have some input into how the class is ran and organized. Powell and Caseau (2004) argue that in order for students to be successful they need to â€Å"feel that someone cares whether or not they succeed†. Furthermore Teachers need to â€Å"encourage all students to perform to their potential regardless of their culture† (65). However, Communication is not only what is spoken, it is also what is implied with nonverbal communication. I need to be fully aware that different cultures view forms of nonverbal communication such as eye contact, touching, facial gestures, and hand gestures differently. Curriculum One of the great joys of teaching history is that it allows for in-depth discussion and study of several different cultures and people throughout different period of time. Since my subject area is history and while I will be required to spend a great deal of time discussing the classical histories, such as Greece, Rome, England, and such, I would like to supplement my lesson plans with discussions on what other civilizations and cultures were experiencing at the same time, what advances were occurring, and how other cultures directly affected the birth of our own. To allow the students to further their own understanding about different cultures and provide for multicultural study I would like to have my students research a different civilization or culture and report on what was transpiring within their community at a pre chosen time. This will allow students to understand that other cultures and civilizations were still advancing and thriving during the emergence of our own. History is all connected. I also fully intend to introduce the oral history project that I created during this course. This will give students a first hand look at different cultures and will give them a chance to confront their own prejudices. Hopefully this assignment will aid in crumbling the stereotypes these students have concerning other groups, and will allow them to grow personally. Another key to developing a working classroom environment is to understand that a teacher needs to know what it is that they are trying to convey to their students (what they want to teach) and, and how they want to that (how they will teach). Since the times and the technology are advancing teachers need to constantly â€Å"update† their lessons, how they approach the lesson, and even what they know about the material. According to Morrison (2006) becoming an educator literally means becoming â€Å"a life long learner. In theory, the what you want to teach aspect is pretty straightforward, it is the how you teach it that is a little more complicated† ( 143). Not every child learns the same way as everybody. I believe that I need to be conscious of this and develop lessons and activities that present the same information, just in different ways. Instead of using the traditional lecture and note taking method, maybe I should use maps, charts, power point, video, audio, and hands on activities to ensure that each learning style is being addressed. This will ensure that none of my students are left behind. Assessment Assessment is a huge issue in today’s schools. While I agree that teachers need away to determine what level of understanding a student is at, and whether they have retained the information, I feel that there are several different ways to go about assessing. One of the major ways is through exams. While traditional multiple choice and true/false measure retention, I feel that short answer and essay exams help determine what concepts the student actually grasps, and shows different levels of critical and abstract thinking. Thinking (Boud Feletti, 1997). I am also a fan of oral assessment. This is where I call upon a student in class to answer several questions pertaining to the current topic and I evaluate their response. This does not mean that I am always looking for the right answer, or what I perceive to be the right answer. If the student can fluently present their argument and use exerts from the reading or past discussions to support their claim then it must be taken into consideration and it also proves they are fully involved and is advancing. However, I will of course have to explain to my students that the standardized tests are looking for specific answers, and that they will be expected to know the â€Å"traditional† answers for this purpose. Another means of assessment is derived from the culturally inclusive lesson plan I created for this course. This major project, and others like it, are great ways of determining where your students are developmentally and grade level wise. Group projects and other team assignments are also forms of assessment. It is imperative that I utilize various means of assessment to ensure that the different learning styles of my students are addressed, and to ensure that I am not putting one group of students at a greater disadvantage/advantage over another. Conclusion While I am by no means fully prepared to or sure how to make a diversity enriched classroom environment, I do believe that I am on the right path. I know that I want my students to feel safe and secure in my classroom , and feel as though they can express who they really are. I do not want them to feel as though I do not appreciate or care about their culture, and I want them to know that they can speak openly with me with any problems or concerns they have. Lastly, I believe that one of the most important elements of my â€Å"working philosophy† involves simply loving what you do, and having fun while doing it. Approach each day with excitement and energy, this will make the day more enjoyable, and provide for a more welcoming environment. Students will enjoy being in your class and that will be reflected in their work. If you come to school with that excitement it is bound to rub off on someone, and the passion you bring to your subject matter will inspire your students to find the same love for it. References Boud, David Feletti, Grahame. (1997). The Challenge of problem based learning (2nd Ed. ). London, England: Kogan Page limited. Brown, S. C. Kysilka, M. L. (2002). Applying multicultural and global concepts in the classroom and beyond. Boston, MA: Pearson. Morrison, G. S. (2006). Teaching in America (4th ed). Boston MA: Allyn Bacon. Powell, Robert G. Caseau, Dana. (2004). Classroom Communication and Diversity: Enhancing Instructional Practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. , Publisher. Rosenfield, Peter, Lambert, Nadine, Black, Allen. (1985). Desk Arrangement effects on pupil classroom behavior. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(1), 101-108. How to cite Implementing Diversity in the Classroom, Papers

Personal Quest free essay sample

Tuesday, August 10th, 9:17 AM. Today is day 23 of the Quest to find within me a personal essay. The thirty milligram eight-hour time release Adderall that I take for my ADHD has been coursing through my veins for the better part of an hour, yet even as I write these words the cream cheese and pretzels that I left out on the kitchen sink call to me a Siren’s song, â€Å"eat me, dip me, enjoy me†¦ salt so so good.† It’s too much to resist, and I am only human. 9:52 AM. My laptop reopens with the reluctance of an exhumed coffin. Radiating with the enthusiasm of a mortician’s stare, I gaze upon an electronic carcass of decaying and disembodied words, evidence of my umpteenth attempt to unearth from my barren psyche one personal essay. It is my firm belief that Torquemada could have discarded all of his Racks, Chairs of Spikes, Iron Maidens, Heretics Forks, and other tools of medieval persuasion forcing his victims instead to write a personal essay, and his results would have remained largely unchanged. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Quest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 10:46 AM. BANG BANG BANG†¦ My mom’s friend Christie is finding it necessary to hang her beloved imitation Andy Warhol picture of soup cans in then living room, right now. She moved in with my mom, younger brother, and I a month ago, but the pounding, banging, and general rearranging seems will continue into the foreseeable future, but I digress, back to the common app and my personal hell, I mean essay. How about, â€Å"Discuss some issue of personal, local, national, or international concern and its importance to you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I’m thirsty, I can’t think and thirst at the same time. Christie brought with her an espresso machine that even steams milk! It was a little strange that neither my brother nor I were ever told Christie was moving in. Being consulted would have been nice, but given a choice of that or having the fabulous cappuccino machine, I’d have opted for the in-house Starbucks. 11:15 AM. Google†¦ â€Å"Ending writer’s bl ock.† â€Å"Sit, breath deep, drop your resistance, open your mind, and the words will flow in like a rushing river.† That sounds like it’ll work. Okay, I’m sitting, I’m breathing, I’m dropping, and now I’m opening†¦ I feel something flowing. 11:42 AM. Just woke up. Indentation marks of my keyboard spackle my right cheek and forehead. Note to self, computers make bad pillows and next time I have insomnia treat with writer’s block. I need a change of scenery†¦ The family room! 12:02 PM. As I plug into the family room outlet I see the clock on the DVR, a sudden wave of panic gurgles through my stomach. Only four hours left on my time-release assistant, after that my rock steady concentration may fracture. Although my brother is next to me watching television, this room feels right. I can sense words racing from me like, like, like, rats from a sinking ship. Okay, not such a great simile, I’m a sinking ship and my words cowardly rats, what college could possibly resist such an appealing candidate? Stop. Keep it positive. Save the editing for the end. â€Å"Bumm bumm.† â€Å"Law and Order† is on, â€Å"Criminal Intent.† No big deal, I’ve already seen all the episodes, I can res ist, I can resist, just don’t look†¦ Oh, it’s the one where Goren’s mother finally dies of cancer and he finds out that the crazy serial killer who’s on death row and about to be executed is actually his real father. The profound irony this presents to Goren, to find out that his father personifies everything he works to fight against yet to know that those very talents he brings to bear in his pursuit against evil are rooted in an inherited ability he would not possess but for his father. A real Darth Luke relationship. Two sides of the same coin, conjoined personalities representing the light and shadow within each of us. Stop! What am I doing? I’m now writing Goren’s personal essay, why not, it’s so much easier than mine, at least he has something to say. Again, stop! Now I’m envying the life of a fictitious middle-aged man with psychopathic lineage? What is wrong with me? Back to my room! Not until my Quest is complet e and the Grail in my grasp shall I reemerge!! (I mean unless I’m thirsty, or hungry, or need to use the restroom.) Other than that, I am in exile and my room Elba!!! 12:42 PM. â€Å"Relax, Lael it’s just an essay.† The last insensitive utterance tossed at me like a grenade before I dramatically slammed shut my door. What does Christie know, she went to school so long ago essays were chiseled into stone tablets. She’s just my mom’s girl friend, I can’t let her upset me. That’s kind of funny the way I wrote that, my mom’s girl friend, when the truth is she’s my mom’s girlfriend. Maybe my dad was right, he told me last night that I’m in the closet. He said that my mother may be a lesbian, but I’m the one â€Å"in the closet.† He was of course wrong, I am as liberal and open-minded as they come, my politics are left of Lenin. So what if none of my friends from school know of my mother’s sexual orientation? I just never wanted them to ever feel uncomfortable. I’m 100% fine with it. I am, really. Okay, maybe 99%. It’s possible I’d be 1% more fine with it if it were someone else’s mother and not mine, but I would never say that because it’s mean, and I would never want to hurt my mom’s feelings. The only reason this whole subject even came up was because my boyfriend, Tim, came over to the house for dinner last night. Afterward I talked to my dad, who possesses the irritating trait of always asking me the type of question that makes me wonder why I called him in the first place. He asked me how Tim reacted when I told him about my mom. I hadn’t yet, which led to my dad’s â€Å"closet† quip. My mom, Christie, Tim and I had a perfectly wonderful time and the subject never came up. Tim and I, my mom and Christie, four people just enjoying a nice dinner and each other’s company. Anyway, I’m sure Tim figured it out, explanations are often overrated, at least that’s what I told my dad. He told me to prove it and ask Tim: â€Å"Go call him† he dared. I said, â€Å"fine, I will†¦ tomorrow.† â€Å"Tomorrow?† he scoffed. â€Å"Yes, tomorrow!† I declared, which is technically now today. I just haven’t done it yet because I have to write this personal essay, otherwise it’d already be done, it would Is it possible though, am I in the closet? If I’m not then why is it so hard to dial his number or any of my other friend’s numbers right now? I’m just now realizing that the person I am is not the person I thought I was or more importantly the person I want to be. I love my mother more than anything, I even love Christie – even with the soup cans. The words of a recent fortune cookie echo in my head, â€Å"for one to make a change one must be the change.† If I want out of the closet I’m the one who needs to open the door. Dialing†¦ Phone call after phone call text upon text, Until both my ears and thumbs demand their rest, Back to my opus I must now return, To complete the Quest for which I yearn†¦ 6:35 PM. Two hours past the Apocalypse but my focus remains intact†¦ As it turned out I was right and my father was wrong, Tim knew the whole time. As for the rest of my friends – they were completely in the dark, but likewise, it was no big deal. To quote the Bard â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing† or was it? It’s odd being relieved from a weight I didn’t know I was carrying. I do feel a little freer, a little lighter, at least I think do. By making this realization part of my college application process, I’ve hopefully exited the closet not just for today, but for tomorrow as well. From this experience I’m sure there are wisdoms to be gleaned, even gems to be unearthed, but they will need to wait for their day under the pen. Today was for my mom, though she’ll never know it. I gave her something she always deserved and something she already thought she had. Today I gave her my last 1% . I learned this year that the genome of a chimpanzee is 96% the same as that of a human. At the time I remember thinking about that 96%, and how similar our two species really were, but that was then. I think now of that paltry 4%, and that it is in those few percentage points, barely a rounding error, that makes us human. 1% really can make a difference, at least it did for me. If to make the change one must be the change, I would only add, that for me to write my personal essay I needed to be my personal essay. Though my psyche may be no less barren, it is now at least a bit less burdened. So with my Quest complete and the Grail in hand, or rather in computer, I return triumphantly into the world. One of great potential and lofty ideals, but also of beloved reruns, irritating noises, and right now best of all, salty crunchy things.

Hemingways Novels essays

Hemingways Novels essays Frederic Henry, an American serving as an ambulance driver with the Italian army during the First World War, meets Catherine Barkley, an English nursing aide whose fianc was killed in the war in France. At first he considers their relationship a game; after he is badly injured and taken to Milan for surgery he falls deeply in love with Catherine. Catherine becomes pregnant, but they are unable to get married in wartime Italy. Frederic returns to the front, where he takes part in the retreat of the Italian army from Caporetto, in which there is much confusion and demoralization. Separated from his unit, Frederic is arrested by a military patrol and about to be shot for desertion as an officer when he escapes by jumping into a river. Realizing that the war no longer matters to him, he rejoins Catherine; to avoid arrest, they escape to neutral Switzerland in a small boat. After living happily together in the mountains for several months, they move to Lausanne before Catherine is to del iver their child. She has serious difficulty in labor. The child, delivered by a Caesarean section, dies; shortly afterwards Catherine dies. Frederic is left alone, with the realization that one is always 'trapped', that his search for happiness has been doomed by the nature of life. High in the pine forests of the Spanish Sierra, a guerilla band operating behind the lines of Franco's army prepares to blow up a vital bridge. Robert Jordan, a young American volunteer, has been sent from the Republic to handle the dynamiting. In the mountains he finds the dangers and the intense comradeship of war - and he discovers Maria, a young woman who has escaped from Franco's rebels... The Sun Also Rises was Ernest Hemingway's first big novel, and immediately established Hemingway as one of the great prose stylists, and one of the preeminent writers of his time. It i ...

Amphicyon - Facts and Figures

Amphicyon - Facts and Figures Name: Amphicyon (Greek for ambiguous dog); pronounced AM-fih-SIGH-on Habitat: Plains of the northern hemisphere Historical Epoch: Middle Oligocene-Early Miocene (30-20 million years ago) Size and Weight: Varies by species; up to six feet long and 400 pounds Diet: Omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; bear-like body About Amphicyon Despite its nickname, the Bear Dog, Amphicyon was directly ancestral to neither bears nor dogs. This was the most prominent genus of the family of mammalian, vaguely canine-like carnivores that succeeded the larger creodonts (typified by Hyaenodon and Sarkastodon) but preceded the first true dogs. True to its nickname, Amphicyon looked like a small bear with the head of a dog, and it probably pursued a bear-like lifestyle as well, feeding opportunistically on meat, carrion, fish, fruit, and plants. The front legs of this prehistoric mammal were especially well-muscled, meaning it could probably stun prey senseless with a single well-aimed swipe of its paw. Befitting a mammal with such a lengthy provenance in the fossil recordabout 10 million years, from the middle Oligocene to the early Miocene epochsthe genus Amphicyon embraced nine separate species. The two largest, the appropriately named A. major and A. giganteus, weighed up 400 pounds fully grown and roamed the expanse of Europe and the near east. In North America, Amphicyon was represented by A. galushai, A. frendens, and A. ingens, which were slightly smaller than their Eurasian cousins; various other species hailed from modern-day India and Pakistan, Africa, and the far east. (The European species of Amphicyon were identified in the early 19th century, but the first American species was only announced to the world in 2003.) Did Amphicyon hunt in packs, like modern wolves? Probably not; more likely this megafauna mammal stayed well out of the way of its pack-hunting competitors, contenting itself with (say) piles of rotting fruit or the carcass of a recently deceased Chalicotherium. (On the other hand, oversized grazing animals like Chalicotherium were themselves so slow that elderly, sick or juvenile herd members could easily be picked off by a solitary Amphicyon.) In fact, its likely that the Bear Dog faded from the world scene 20 million years ago, at the end of its long reign, because it was displaced by better-adapted (i.e., faster, sleeker, and more lightly built) hunting animals.

High school students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

High school students - Essay Example It may be that they want nothing to do with the language that they have learned. The key is that having learned another language looks impressive on any CV because it will show potential employers that you can work outside of your comfort side. Additionally, high school students should be required to learn a foreign language because it will improve their grades on other subjects too. Learning another language requires much brain power, and this extra effort can help develop a work ethic that benefits other subjects as well. Finally, high school students can gain self-confidence by learning a foreign language. Mastering any foreign language requires hours of dedication, so finally being able to converse in it can give any student great confidence for them to take forward. The importance of learning a foreign language cannot be denied. What better way to start than by making high school students study at least one foreign language for at least two years? High school students should be made to learn another language because it can look good to potential employers, improve other school aspects, and make them feel like they have achieved something of

Research research literature to determine the population, sampling Paper

Literature to determine the population, sampling strategy, HIPAA concerns, informed consent procedures, and setting - Research Paper Example The caregivers and patients included in the research were also supposed to have sixth grade education at the minimum and be in a position to read and comprehend English. They should also attain a score of at least seven in the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) as well as at least 40 in the Palliative Performance Scale (PPS). Since the study concentrated on management of pain, constipation and dyspnea, the patients included in the research had to be experiencing two of them. A sample of 329 home care patients suffering from cancer and family caregivers were selected and randomly grouped into three categories. One control group comprised of 109 people received standard care, another group with the same number received standard care and friendly visits while the third group comprised of 111 people received standard care and COPE intervention. This method of sampling is known as cluster sampling in which case naturally occurring groups would be selected and be included in a sample. In this method, the population would be divided into groups or samples. In some cases, rather than collecting data from every group, a sub-sample would be used. Economical- expenditure is one of the major concerns in any sampling method. However, since the research will be carried out on clusters, the expenditure is tremendously reduced due to the fewer listing efforts incorporated (William, 2007). Feasibility- cluster sampling method is also more feasible when carrying out research on large populations (William, 2007). Given that the population in the large hospice is in excess of 300, carrying out comprehensive research may not be very feasible and therefore, clustering the samples would make it more feasible. In carrying out any form of research, the vulnerability of the variables used in the samples is taken into consideration (William, 2007). In essence, the patients and caregivers used in the research are quite vulnerable given the

Management of Maxillary Sinusitis of Endodontic Origin

Management of Maxillary Sinusitis of Endodontic Origin A case report ABSTRACT: Endodontic implications of the maxillary sinus include extension of periapical lesion into the sinus. Though the actual cause of sinusitis is difficult to determine accurately, majority of the cases occur through a dental cause. The purpose of this paper was to present the management of maxillary sinusitis of endodontic origin. A 48 year old generally healthy male patient reported to the dental clinic for the implant placement in the area of missing #26. During the procedure, the dental surgeon noticed a thick granulation tissue in the deep area with painful sensation. Further endodontic consultation revealed the tooth #25 was endodontically treated 9 years ago and CBCT showed periapical lesion perforated the maxillary sinus. Extraction and enucleation was done and the biopsy sent to the histopathological lab revealed periapical granuloma. After 2 months, patient was asymptomatic and ENT examination showed the floor of maxillary sinus with reduced hyperplasia. Symptoms of m axillary sinusitis can evoke pain of dental origin, and a careful differential diagnosis is important when dealing with pain in the maxillary posterior area. Keywords: maxillary sinusitis, mucositis, odontogenic origin Introduction Endodontic implications of the maxillary sinus include extension of periapical lesion into the sinus. The literature mentions many cases of extension of periapical infection to the maxillary sinus 1-2-3-4. Stafne estimated that 15–75% of the sinusitis cases occur through a dental cause although the actual cause is difficult to determine accurately 5. Sinusitis can be divided into acute, subacute and chronic types. Symptoms produced by acute or subacute maxillary sinusitis can be mistaken with those of pulpal origin 6. A comprehensive examination of the patient’s medical and dental history will draw the attention of the clinician to endodontic implications of odontogenic origin. The purpose of this paper was to present the management of maxillary sinusitis of endodontic origin. Case report A 48 year old generally healthy male reported to the dental clinic for the implant placement in the area of missing #26. During the procedure, the dental surgeon noticed a thick granulation tissue in the deep area and the patient started feeling painful sensation even with repeated anesthesia. The surgeon then put bone graft material and closed the flap for further consultation. Patient was then shifted from implant clinic to the diagnosis clinic for examination of tooth #25 that had periapical lesion (figure 1). It was revealed during the examination that the tooth #25 had undergone root canal treatment 9 years ago. The pre-operative radiograph had revealed a large periapical lesion with interrupted lamina dura around the tooth #25 with previous root canal filling material and filling on the crown (Figure 2). The periodontal probing was within normal limits for all teeth in the upper left region and the teeth #24 and #25 was restored with amalgam. (figure 3 and 4). The tooth showed no response to cold and electric pulp testing and it was tender on percussion but not on palpation. The tooth was diagnosed as previously treated with symptomatic periapical peridontitis. After the clinical examination, CBCT radiography was taken to check the maxillary sinus involvement. CBCT revealed a periapical lesion that perforated the maxillary sinus with thickening of the maxillary sinus floor (figure 5, 6 and 7). Patient then referred to ENT department for consultation. They advised (i) extraction of the involved tooth to remove the source of infection and the thickening of the floor will get resolved upon follow up, or (ii) to inoculate the lesion completely through endoscope under GA. Patient presented to the endodontic clinic for treatment plan and decision making. The endodontist advised root canal re-treatment of #25 followed by surgical root end resection and retrograde filling along with enucleation of the lesion with precaution to the maxillary sinus perforation. But after consultation with prosthodontist, it was decided to extract the tooth #25 as it was questionable in restorability (figure 8 and 9). So, the recommended treatment was extraction and the final diagnosis was maxillary sinusitis of endodontic origin. Patient referred to OMF department where extraction of tooth #25 and enucleation of the lesion was performed (figure 10, 11 and 12). The biopsy was sent to the histopathololgy lab. Post-surgical instructions were given to the patient and was prescribed cap. amoxicillin 500mg tid, tab. brufen 600mg, Rhinocort along with anti-histamines and decongestants. Biopsy report showed periapical granuloma which confirmed the diagnosis. On follow up after 2 months, patient was asymptomatic and PA radiograph revealed socket space (figure 13 and 14). ENT examination showed the floor of maxillary sinus with reduced hyperplasia. Discussion Radiographic examination of the maxillary sinus includes periapical, occlusal, panoramic and facial views7. Panoramic radiography provides a wide overview of the sinus floor and its anatomical relation with the tooth roots allows the determination of the size of periapical lesions. The symptom associated with maxillary sinusitis is dull pain, mostly unilateral and during mastication, or a feeling of ‘fullness’ around the upper posterior teeth. The patient may complain of pain exacerbated when lying down or bending due to increased intracranial pressure from blood flow and the affected sinus may be tender to palpation8. The teeth in relation to affected sinuses will be moderately or extremely sensitive to palpation and/or percussion. Nasal discharge is considered to be important sign of sinus infection. The use of a topical nasal decongestant may help in differentiating pain from sinusitis or from dental origin. On the other hand, the pain of dental origin ranges from the rmal sensitivities to continuous sharp pain which may be associated with localized swelling. Radiographic changes in sinusitis show thickened sinus mucosal membrane and air-fluid filled. The first time that showed the direct extension of dental infection into the sinus was in a study by Bauer in 1943. His study was done on cadavers and revealed the pulp of involved teeth with histological evidence of extension of infection into the maxillary sinus. The local hyperplasia of dental origin in the mucosa of the maxillary sinus could be removed by conservative root canal therapy. Selden and August in1970 also managed maxillary sinusitis after the treatment of a periodontal-endodontic lesion in first and second premolars. For the refractory cases after a conservative management, the surgical approach was recommended10. In this case the restorability of the tooth made the final decision. At least 70% of bacterial contamination of sinusitis is caused by Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus37 influenzae11. Antibiotics are a significant part of management in acute suppurative sinusitis. Pinheiro et al recommended amoxycillin as a first-line of treatment aimed to cover both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Topical decongestants are beneficial for oxygenation and facilitate the sinus drainage of pus by decreasing the edema. Analgesics, such as paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are beneficial for the control of pain. Conclusion The close anatomical inter-relationship of the maxillary sinus and the roots of upper posterior teeth can lead to endodontic complications. Periapical inflammation can lead to maxillary sinusitis of dental origin with resultant inflammation and thickening of the mucosal lining of the sinus in areas adjacent to the corresponding teeth. In such cases, the conventional endodontic treatment or re-treatment is the treatment of choice with surgical intervention. But there are chance of refractory cases which requires extraction to remove the source of infection. An adequate diagnosis and appropriate treatment with antibiotics, decongestants and analgesics are indicated for the treatment of sinusitis.

Sez- Challenges Before Indian Economy

Mundhe. Dept. of Business Economics, Siddharth College of Comm. & Eco. Mumbai. SEZ – Challenges Before Indian Economy Introduction : Over the years it has been seen that the growth rate of the Indian economy, employment generation, improvement in the standard of living of the people has not been as expected.It was realized that foreign (and even domestic) investments in India were much lesser as compared to the much smaller South East Asian countries mainly due to multiplicity of controls and clearances, absence of world class financial infrastructure, etc. With a view to overcome the shortcomings experienced in attracting investments, increasing exports and accelerating economic growth the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) policy was introduced by the then NDA government in April 2000.This policy intended to make SEZs a tool for economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at the Centre and the State level, with the minimu m possible regulations Further, to instill confidence in investors and signal the Government’s commitment to a stable SEZ policy regime and with a view to impart stability to the SEZ regime thereby generating greater economic activity and employment through the establishment of SEZs, a comprehensive draft of SEZ Bill was prepared after extensive discussions with the stakeholders.The over enthusiasm to push the SEZ policy as an instrument of rapid industrialization has met with a series of roadblocks especially after the Nandigram incident. The SEZ policy is a part of the policy of â€Å"Growth at any Cost†, with the cost falling on the marginalized section of the rural population. Thus, those who gain and those who lose will be different sections of the population. This simply means that the SEZs are not Pareto-optimal over a situation where SEZs are absent. Therefore, this policy can lead to various socio-economic and political challenges.Meaning of SEZs? The Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are well developed enclaves of industrial infrastructure with plots, built up space, power, water supply, transport, housing etc. Besides industrial facilities, the SEZs provides social infrastructure including schools, hospitals, roads, hotels and the like. The SEZs are specifically delineated areas wherein units may be set up for specified purpose of manufacturing or trading or rendering services or providing warehousing facility for exports.In terms of the Section 2(i) of the said SEZ Act 2005, the Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) is defined to mean the whole of India (including its territorial waters and continental shelf) but not including the areas of SEZs. Furthermore, section 53 of the said SEZ Act provides that the SEZ shall be deemed to be a territory outside the Customs territory of India. The legal implication is that the SEZs are treated as the foreign territory for the purpose of trade operations, duties and tariffs.In other words, goods and services go ing into the SEZ (from the DTA) are treated as exports and goods and services coming from SEZ into the DTA are treated as imports. Therefore, domestic laws do not generally apply to the SEZs and the units therein. In short, SEZs will be considered sovereign territories of MNCs setting up shops there and ordinary Indians will require passports to enter these enclaves. Historical Background & SEZ Act: The SEZ Act was enacted only recently, in 2005, but the origin of the SEZ scheme can be traced to as far back as 1965 when the Kandla Free Trade Zone (FTZ) was started.Thus there were Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in the country well before the new legislation was enacted, but these were few in number (only eight, operated by Central Government) and did not have a major impact on exports or investment. This led to a comprehensive review of the policy framework for existing EPZs/FTZs In 1999, which included a study of many SEZs world-over. The finding of the study was that there was scop e for significant improvement in export performance through policy changes relating to DTA access, export obligation, etc. The concept of SEZ was given to India by late Shri.Murasoli Maran, former Union Commerce Minister. During his China visit he had a occasion to visit some of the SEZs in coastal regions of China. He observed the contribution that these SEZs have made to the Chinese exports and was deeply impressed by the progress achieved by SEZs and their overall impact on the economy. Back at home, he introduced the concept of SEZs in the EXIM policy-2000. He was very much interested in creating some SEZs in India and develop them on the lines of SEZs in China. He wanted to use the concept of SEZs to achieve a speedy economic growth in India.As a result, the Special Economic Zones Act was passed by Parliament in May, 2005 which received Presidential assent on the 23rd of June, 2005. After extensive consultations, the SEZ Act, 2005, supported by SEZ Rules, came into effect on 10 th February,2006, providing for drastic simplification of procedure and for single window clearance on matters relating to Central as well as State governments. Objectives of SEZs: The SEZs are primarily viewed as elements of the Government’s export promotion strategy but that is not entirely correct. They are expected to benefit the economy in multiple ways, as spelt out in Section 5 of the said SEZ Act.Herein it is provided that the following factors should be considered by the Board of Approvals in Approving proposals to establish SEZs: (1) Generation of additional activity (2) Promotion of exports of goods and services; (3) Promotion of investments from domestic and foreign sources; (4) Creation of employment opportunities; (5) Development of infrastructure facilities; It is expected that this will trigger a large flow of foreign and domestic investment in SEZs in infrastructure and productive capacity, leading to generation of additional economic activity and creation of employment opportunities.Here it is important to mention that in case of India, the key element for the success of SEZs are political will and commitment, removal of bureaucratic hassles, labor reforms, better fiscal incentives and continual review and monitoring of the functioning of SEZs and adoption and application of correctives. Criteria for Approvals: 1) SEZ size not to be less than 1000 hectares, recently it is scaled down to 5000 hectares & further to 1000 hectares (2) Sector specific SEZ can be set up in lesser area 3) Local Laws, Rules / Regulations applicable to SEZ & Units there in (4) Units to be approved under the SEZ scheme, by the Unit Approval Committee headed By the Development Commissioner. (5) The minimum processing area limit has been fixed at a Uniform level, at 50% of the total land acquired, for multi product and sector-specific SEZs Scheme to Develop / Operate / Maintain SEZ: The SEZs can be developed and managed either jointly or separately by the Central Government, State Government, or Any Person (including a Private orPublic Limited Company, Partnership or Proprietorship), for manufacture of goods; or for rendering services; or for both; or as a free trade and warehousing Zone. Incentives for Developers of SEZs : Developers and SEZ units shall be entitled to the following exemptions and concessions: 1) Exemption from customs duty on goods imported into the SEZ by the Developers or SEZ Unit to carry on the authorized operations; 2) Exemption from customs duty on goods exported from the SEZ by the Developer or SEZ Unit to any place outside India; ) Exemption from excise duty on goods brought from Domestic Tariff Area (â€Å"DTA†) to the SEZ by the Developers or SEZ unit to carry on the authorized operations, 4) 100% Income Tax exemption on export income for SEZ units in the first 5 years and 50% for the next 5 years. 5) Exemption from service tax on taxable service provided to a Developer or unit to carry on the authorized op erations in a SEZ 6) 100% of the profits of the developer arising from the business of developing an SEZ, shall be deducted from taxable income ) The developers of SEZ are not required to pay Minimum Alternate Tax. Challenges before Developing Economies, A Case Study of China: The SEZs policy is a part of the policy of â€Å"Growth at any Cost†, with the cost falling on the marginalized section of the rural population. Thus, those who gain and those who lose will be different sections of the population. This simply means that the SEZs are not Pareto-optimal over a situation where SEZs are absent. Therefore, this policy can lead to various socio-economic and political challenges.China is a shining example of a country which has developed through its SEZs. But this image of success of Chinese SEZs is both incomplete and incorrect. They have by no means been an unqualified success, and they have brought about severe economic and social problems. We have taken the case of SEZs in China and analyzed the effects on arable land, water, environment, health, income equality, poverty, etc. Some of the most striking effects of SEZs in China are as following: 1) during the period of 1996-2005, SEZs in China, have caused diversion of more than 21% of arable land to non-agricultural usage.Per capita land holding now stands at a meager 0. 094 hectares. This is when China has to feed 22% of the world’s population on only 7% of land, and every year, an additional 10 million people have to be fed. As more arable land is taken over for urbanization and industrialisation, issues related to changes in land use have become a major source of dispute between the public and the government. 2) In just thirteen years, between 1992 and 2005,about 20 million farmers were laid off agriculture due to land acquisition for SEZs.Protests against land acquisition and deprivation have become a common feature of rural life in China. Social instability in China has become an issue of concern. In 2004, the government has admitted to 74,000 riots in the countryside. 3) Whereas a few years ago, excessive and arbitrary taxation was the peasants’ foremost complaint, resentment over the loss of farmland, corruption, worsening pollution and arbitrary eviction by property developers are the main reasons for farmers’ unrest now. 4) China set up its first SEZ, Shenzhen in 1979.After growing at a rate of around 28% for the last 25 years, Shenzhen is now paying a huge cost in terms of environmental destruction, soaring crime rate and exploitation of its working class, mainly migrants 5) In 2006, the United Nations Environment Programme designated Shenzhen as a â€Å"Global Environment Hotspot†, meaning a region that had suffered rapid environmental destruction. 6) According to Howard French, the New York Times Bureau chief, most of the year, the Shenzhen sky is thick with choking smoke, while the crime rate is almost nine- fold higher than Shanghai.The working class earns US$ 80 every month in the sweatshops and the turnover rate is 10% – many turn to prostitution after being laid off. Further, real-estate dealers have stockpiled houses which have caused prices to spiral and have created a new generation of people, French calls them as, â€Å"Mortgage Slaves† in an article in the International Herald Tribune on 17th December,2006. 7) The mindless pursuit of growth following the model of high input, high consumption and low output has seriously impacted the environment.In 2004, China consumed 4. 3 times as much coal and electricity as the United States and 11. 5 times as much as Japan to generate each US$1 worth of GNP, according to the The Taipei Times, some 20% of the population lives in severely polluted areas and 70% of the rivers and lakes are in a grim shape. 8) Around 60% of companies that have set up units in the country violate emission rules. According to the World Bank, environmental problems are the cause of some 3,00,000 people dying each year.The Chinese government has admitted that pollution costs the country a staggering $200 billion a year – about 10 % of its GDP. 9) While export-driven policy for economic growth has helped China touch record growth figures, the income gap is widening and rapidly approaching the levels of some Latin American countries. Going by a recent report by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Gini coefficient – a measure of income distribution where zero means perfect equality and one is maximum inequality – touched 0. 96 in the year 2006. In comparison, income inequality figures are 0. 33 in India, 0. 41 in the US and 0. 54 in Brazil. Further, the rural-urban income divide is staggering – annual income of city dwellers in China is around US$1,000 which is more than three times that of their rural counterparts. 10) In certain areas such as asset distribution or years of schooling China’s levels of inequality ar e lower (i. e. , more favourable ) than India. However, when one looks at it at the aggregate level, the picture is different.The levels of inequality in China have been rising through the last three decades, whether between rural and urban, within them, or on an aggregate basis. According to Zhu Ling, between 1978 and 1995, the Gini coefficient of rural income increased from 0. 21 to 0. 34 and that of the urban from 0. 16 to 0. 28. 11) With the Chinese economy opening up rapidly post – 1995 and also due to the massive concessions that China was forced to make in order to join the WTO, the trend continues and the aggregate Gini coefficient in 2006 was around 0. . Lessons India should learn from China: There are far reaching negative impacts of SEZ policy in India. It is normally advocated that India should learn from China. It is big failure there in China on the grounds of food shortages that may arise in future due to land acquisition, environmental problems etc. , therefor e India should consider the following while implementing the policy of Special Economic Zones – 1) Following China, India is replicating a similar model where vast tracts of a agricultural land are being acquired for creating SEZs and other industries.Therefore it will have the similar impact on the environment as in the case of China, as the dirty industries may enter in these zones. Further with drastic changes in labour laws favouring industry being considered, the plight of workers in these SEZs will be similar to those in China. Hence, such a model of development is environmentally unsustainable and socially undesirable. 2) It is now widely acknowledged that Chinese exports have also been boosted by its undervalued currency something which is turmed as an â€Å" effective subsidy†. This is a luxury that Indian exporters do not enjoy.Therefore, the argument for setting up SEZs to emulate China’s export-led growth is questionable. 3) Is export-driven growth t hrough SEZs desirable for India? There is no doubt export play a significant role in boosting GDP. However in the case of a country with a sizable domestic market, the choice lies with the producer to either export or supply to the domestic market. 4) According to Ila Patnaik of the National Institute for Public Finance and Policy, household consumption in India at 68% of the GDP is much higher than that of China at 38%, Europe at 58% and Japan at 55%.Given the high level of consumption of Indian households, it is quite possible that this rush to set up SEZs in India is fuelled not by the desire to export out of the country but by the possibility of exporting from SEZs into the Domestic Tariff Area (DTA). The SEZs act is also designed to facilitate this. Any unit within the SEZ can export to the DTA, after paying the prevailing duty, as long as it is a net foreign exchange earner for three years. It is therefore a win-win situation for these units. ) The soaps in a SEZ will reduce t he cost of capital while labour reforms will ensure trouble-free operations. Further, given the considerable international pressure to reduce industrial tariffs, SEZs will be able to export to the DTA at highly competitive prices. This does not augur well for units outside the SEZs who will now face unfair competition. As cheaper imports have already played havoc with the livelihoods of artisan sector of the economy, cheaper imports into DTA from SEZs will also adversely affect the domestic.No wonder many of them now want to migrate into SEZs. 6) In a country with 65% of the population depending on agriculture as a means of livelihood, industry ought to be complementary to agriculture. Though SEZs however, industry is being promoted at the cost of agriculture. This is the reason why Indian farmers all over the country are not willing to depart from their farm lands. It is witnessed on 21st Sept,2008, where 85% of the farmers from Raighad District have voted against the SEZs. ) Valua ble resources spent to create SEZs will be at the cost of building better infrastructure for the rest of the country, something that will affect both the domestic industry as well as agriculture. Challenges before Indian Economy: Given that India’s socio-cultural and economic scenario is altogether different from that of China’s, it is debatable whether SEZs prove to be a success here. In the words of, Sunil Rallan, MD of Matadee Eco Parks,† The Indian government’s SEZ policy is superior to China’s in terms of legislation but has failed in the implementation process. Thus while SEZs may be loudable idea it is doubtful whether it is the right policy for the basic problems of heterogenous country like India. Replicating the Chinese model, India may end up not only with insufficient SEZs but also with reintroduction of the era of famines, water crisis, riots, pollution, etc. , and many more socio economic and political problems. We have taken the case of existing SEZ units (and the units which are slated to be set up in days to come) and analyzed their socio-economic effects on the Indian economy. 1) Threat to Food Security:According to the website of the Commerce Ministry, totally about 41,700 hectares of land is to be taken for the formally approved and notified SEZs. Land acquired on such massive scale has posed a threat to the food security of the country. Already, India’s food security is in a precarious state and the country has to import food grains including wheat, pulses and oilseeds. In this scenario if our arable land is diverted to establishment of SEZs, it will create a major food security problem in the country.Studies in West Bengal have shown that loss of food grains production due to SEZs would be of the order of 1. 5 million tones. This can create a serious shortage of food grains in the coming years. 2) Threat to Water Security: The SEZs are going to be set up by acquiring huge tracts of land. When the l and is acquired on such massive scale, the water requirement for such SEZs would be huge and would have very large impact on water access for the surrounding area. The SEZs at such locations will also have impact on irrigation and agricultural development.Available information about the water needs and sources of water for various SEZs should ring alarm bell. For example, the massive water demand, at least 8 million liters per day, for The Mahamumbai SEZ is to be met by the Hetwane and Morba dams in Pen and Khalapur tehsils in Raigarh districts. In a situation where, farmers had to struggle to get irrigation water due to them from these dams, the huge water requirement for Mahamumbai SEZ would definitely lead to the water crisis. Forum of Manglore has quoted that the Manglore SEZ’s water requirement is at a hoping 136 million liters a day.When Manglore city is facing the water crisis without the SEZ, one can imagine what will be the case when SEZ comes up. 3) Displacement and loss of livelihoods in SEZs: Estimate show that close to 114,000 farming households (each house hold on an average comprising five members) and an additional 82,000 farm worker families are dependent upon these farms for their livelihoods will be displaced. In other Words, at least one million people who primarily depend upon agriculture for their survival will face eviction.Experts calculate that the total loss of income to the Farming and farm workers family will be at least Rs. 212 crore a year. This does not include other income (for instance artisans) due to the demise of local rural economies. The government promise humane displacement followed by relief and rehabilitation. However historical records does not offer any room for hope on this count an estimated 40 million people(of which nearly 40% area Adivasis and 25% Dalits) have lost their land since 1950 on account of displacement due to large development projects.At least 75% of them still await rehabilitation. Almost 80% of the agricultural population owns only about 17% of the total agricultural land, making them near landless farmers. Farmer’s families and communities depend on a piece of land (for work, grazing) than those who simply own it. 4) SEZ are actually land grab by the real estate mafia and the corporate sector: What are SEZ likely to become in few years time? According to a clause in the SEZ Act (section 5(2) as much as 75% of the area under large SEZs above 1000 hectares) can be used for non-industrial purpose.What will the remainder of the land used for? This lacuna in the law is likely to become a loophole for massive accumulation of Land by private players including the real estate mafia, developers and property dealers for the purpose of real estate speculation. This explains why so many of them have been buying land for SEZs. In fact it may well be the case that the rationale for the above clause in the SEZ Act is the uncertainty surrounding the Economic attractiveness of SEZs. If adequate productive investment is not forthcoming, the SEZ developer can at least cash in on the land value.Conglomerates like Reliance already own upwards of 100,00acre of land in the countrywide. 5) Loss of natural habitat, flora and fauna Massive land acquisition for the establishment of SEZs has led to the destruction Of natural habitat, flora and fauna due to deforestation. For example due to the Mundra SEZ in Kutch in Gujrat about 3000 hectares of area covered by Mangroves is being destroyed. . 6) More suicides, More crimes†¦ It is again no. coincidence that all most all the SEZs are being built only on the fringes of cities – like satellites all over again.A rough study based upon the â€Å"in principle† approved SEZs in Maharashtra shows that around 67% of the land for SEZs is within 100 km. of Mumbai. If the cities pf Pune and Nagpur are also considered, then a figure of 85% of land for SEZs is arrived at, and if Nashik and Aurangabad are also th rown then about 98% of the land for SEZs in within 100 km of these five cities. Thus there will be no real development. the rural areas will be further devastated. Farmers will commit more suicides larger slums with even more squalor will be created.There will be more crime, more communual riots, more atrocities against Dalits and more attacks and exploitation of women as always happens in the condition of squalor. 7) Ruthless Depeasantisation : However the SEZs are not the only instruments for grabbing the lands of the peasantry, millions of acres of land are taken by national and international big business for construction of Greenfield projects, private airports, tourist resorts, health tourism, smart cities, entertainment parks, building of private township for the super rich including vast areas for golf courses and luxury hotels.To provide infrastructure for super profits of local and multinational big business the state is acquiring millions of acres of fertile land to build industrial zones, golden corridors express ways including the much flaunted golden quadrangle express highways systems. This is the glaring phenomenon of contemporary global enclosures of forcible depeasantisation ruthlessly divesting the producers from their means of production, cultural moorings and commons.Adding salt to the injury the neo-liberal state is resorting to the most predatory inhuman primitive accumulation of forcing the farmers and adivasi’s out of their land when the entire peasantry is reeling under acute agrarian crisis where more than 2 lakh farmers have committed suicide in the past decade under the neo-liberal economic regime. Conclusion:There is much more to learn as well as unlearn from the Chinese experience. Until this is done, millions of poor across the country will be made to pay an even higher price than the Chinese did for following this flowed approach. India should thus work towards reforming its domestic economic rather than supplementing it with an SEZ model. It should not blindly follow China in this regard.

Effects Of The North American Free Trade Agreement On Corn...

The Effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement on Corn Trade between the United States and Mexico Prerna Gait ID: 4299385 ECON 3951 – Senior Project Abstract: This paper examines the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on corn trade between US and Mexico since 1994. NAFTA had a great impact on corn trade between US and Mexico mainly because of trade liberalization which enabled US to increase its corn exports to Mexico. This paper closely looks at how the implementation of NAFTA and the United States corn subsidies led to a decrease in the Mexican corn prices, which further led to the out-migration of people working in the Mexican agriculture sector to the urban sector. Introduction: On†¦show more content†¦Essential ideas: As mentioned earlier, the biggest motivation for NAFTA’s existence was to promote trade liberalization and prosperity by creating a free trade zone between US, Mexico, and Canada. Agriculture sector was the most affected by NAFTA’s implementation, propelling small-scale Mexican farmers to compete against large-scale US farmers. US corn subsidies led to the Mexican markets being flooded with cheap and unsubsidized corn which lead to the displacement of Mexican agricultural population to the cities. The US Mexico corn trade demonstrates how trade and migration can be complements instead of substitutes if the main reason for trade is differences in technology. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, the relationship between trade and migration is that of the substitution type due to the Factor-price equalization theorem. (Samelson, 1948) However, what we observe in this paper is that corn trade contrasted with this trade theory. â€Å"In standard Heckscher-Ohlin trade th eory, capital-rich country will impose labor-intensive goods from labor-rich country S. Trade liberalization shifts additional production of labor-intensive goods from labor-rich country S and capital-intensive goods to country N. These production shifts inturn put upward pressure on country S wages, discouraging emigration† (NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges, 1997). Effects of NAFTA: NAFTA had a huge

Essay Male Circumcision is Unnecessary and Wrong - 468 Words

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